4. Balance sheet components

Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities

The Company considers all short-term highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are recorded at cost plus accrued interest (adjusted cost), which approximates fair value which includes the unrealized gains (losses). Certificates of deposit are included in cash equivalents and marketable securities based on the maturity date of the security.  Short-term investments are included in marketable securities in the current period presentation.

The Company considers investments with maturities greater than three months to be marketable securities. Investments are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains or losses, if any, reported, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). All income generated and realized gains or losses from investments are recorded to other income (expense), net.

The Company reviews its investments to identify and evaluate investments that have an indication of possible impairment. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, and the Company's intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. Credit losses and other-than-temporary impairments are declines in fair value that are not expected to recover and are charged to other income (expense), net. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, no losses were recognized for other-than-temporary impairments. Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consist of the following:

 

 

Accounts receivable and allowance for bad debts, returns, and adjustments

Accounts receivable are customer obligations due under normal sales and rental terms. The Company performs credit evaluations of the customers’ financial condition and generally does not require collateral. The allowance for doubtful accounts is maintained at a level that, in management’s opinion, is adequate to absorb potential losses related to accounts receivable and is based upon the Company’s continuous evaluation of the collectability of outstanding balances. Management’s evaluation takes into consideration such factors as past bad debt experience, economic conditions and information about specific receivables. The Company’s evaluation also considers the age and composition of the outstanding amounts in determining their net realizable value.

The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on estimates, and ultimate losses may vary from current estimates. As adjustments to these estimates become necessary, they are reported in earnings in the periods in which they become known. This allowance is increased by bad debt provisions charged to bad debt expense, net of recoveries, in operating expense and is reduced by direct write-offs.

The Company generally does not allow returns from providers for reasons not covered under its standard warranty. Therefore, provision for sales returns applies primarily to direct-to-consumer sales. This reserve is calculated based on actual historical return rates under the Company’s 30-day return program and is applied to the related sales revenue for the last month of the quarter reported.

The Company also records an allowance for rental revenue adjustments, which is recorded as a reduction of rental revenue and net rental accounts receivable balances. These adjustments result from contractual adjustments, including untimely claims filings, or billings not paid due to another provider performing same or similar functions for the patient in the same period, all of which prevent billed revenue from becoming realizable. The reserve is based on historical revenue adjustments as a percentage of rental revenue billed and unbilled during the related period.

When recording the allowance for doubtful accounts, the bad debt expense account (general and administrative expense account) is charged; when recording allowance for sales returns, the sales returns account (contra sales revenue account) is charged; and when recording the allowance for rental reserve adjustments, the rental revenue adjustments account (contra rental revenue account) is charged.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, included in accounts receivable on the balance sheets were earned but unbilled receivables of $5,272 and $5,155, respectively. These balances reflect gross unbilled receivables prior to any allowances for adjustments and write-offs. The Company consistently applies its allowance estimation methodology from period-to-period. The Company’s best estimate is made on an accrual basis and adjusted in future periods as required.  Any adjustments to the prior period estimates are included in the current period. As additional information becomes known, the Company adjusts its assumptions accordingly to change its estimate of the allowance.

Gross accounts receivable balance concentrations by major category as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows:

 

 

 

Net accounts receivable (gross accounts receivable net of allowances) balance concentrations by major category as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows:

 

 

 

The following tables set forth the accounts receivable allowances as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

 

 

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. At times, cash account balances may be in excess of the amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). However, management believes the risk of loss to be minimal. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these institutions and has not experienced any losses on its cash and cash equivalents to date. The Company has entered into hedging relationships with a single counterparty to offset a portion of the forecasted Euro based revenues. The credit risk has been reduced due to a net settlement arrangement whereby the Company is allowed to net settle transactions with a single net amount payable by one party to the other.

Concentration of customers and vendors

The Company primarily sells its products to traditional home medical equipment providers, distributors, and resellers in the United States and in foreign countries on a credit basis. The Company primarily sells its products to consumers on a prepayment basis. No single customer represented more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015. One customer represented more than 10% of the Company’s total net accounts receivable balance as of September 30, 2016, and no single customer represented more than 10% of the Company’s total net accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2015.

The Company also rents products directly to consumers for insurance reimbursement, which resulted in a customer concentration relating to Medicare’s service reimbursement programs. Medicare’s service reimbursement programs accounted for 71.0% and 75.9% of rental revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively, and based on total revenue was 9.5% and 21.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively. Medicare’s service reimbursement programs accounted for 71.6% and 74.0% of rental revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively, and based on total revenue was 12.4% and 21.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively. One customer represented more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2016. Accounts receivable balances relating to Medicare’s service reimbursement programs (including held and unbilled, net of allowances) amounted to $6,668 or 22.4% of total net accounts receivable as of September 30, 2016 as compared to $7,441, or 37.4% of total net accounts receivable as of December 31, 2015.

The Company currently purchases raw materials from a limited number of vendors, which resulted in a concentration of three major vendors. The three major vendors supply the Company with raw materials used to manufacture the Company’s products. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company’s three major vendors accounted for 22.0%, 14.9%, and 7.9%, respectively, of total raw material purchases. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company’s three major vendors accounted for 23.0%, 17.4% and 8.9%, respectively, of total raw material purchases.  

A portion of revenue is earned from sales outside the United States. Approximately 72.8% and 87.5% of the non-U.S. revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively, were invoiced in Euros. Approximately 70.7% and 74.6% of the non-U.S. revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively, were invoiced in Euros. A breakdown of the Company’s revenue from U.S. and non-U.S. sources for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015 is as follows:

 

 

 

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using a standard cost method, including material, labor and manufacturing overhead, whereby the standard costs are updated at least quarterly to reflect approximate actual costs using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method and market represents the lower of replacement cost or estimated net realizable value. The Company records adjustments at least quarterly to inventory for potentially excess, obsolete, slow-moving or impaired items. Inventories consist of the following:

 

 

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives as follows:  

 

 

Expenditures for additions, improvements and replacements are capitalized and depreciated to a salvage value of $0. Repair and maintenance costs on rental equipment are included in cost of rental revenue on the statements of comprehensive income. Repair and maintenance expense, which includes labor, parts and freight, for rental equipment was $497 and $686 for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively, and $1,930 and $1,897 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively.

Included within property and equipment is construction in process, primarily related to the design and engineering of tooling, jigs and other machinery. In addition, this item also includes computer software or development costs that have been purchased, but have not completed the final configuration process for implementation into the Company’s systems. These items have not been placed in service; therefore, no depreciation or amortization was recognized for these items in the respective periods.

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment and rental equipment are summarized below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, respectively.

 

 

Property and equipment and rental equipment with associated accumulated depreciation is summarized below for September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

 

 

Long-lived assets

The Company accounts for the impairment and disposition of long-lived assets in accordance with ASC 360-Property, Plant, and Equipment. In accordance with ASC 360, long-lived assets to be held are reviewed for events or changes in circumstances that indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company periodically reviews the carrying value of long-lived assets to determine whether or not impairment to such value has occurred. No impairments were recorded during the three months or nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015.

Intangible assets

There were no impairments recorded related to the Company’s intangible assets during the three months or nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015. Amortization expense for intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015 was $28 and $21, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015 was $73 and $64, respectively.

The following tables represent the changes in net carrying values of the intangibles as of the respective dates:

 

 

The minimum aggregate amortization expense for intangibles for each of the five succeeding fiscal years is summarized as follows:

 

Accounts payable and accrued expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 consisted of the following: